Claude Code Debugging Mastery: From Errors to Solutions in Minutes

1. The Trinity: Maximum Debugging Power

For complex bugs, combine three techniques into what's called The Trinity:

When to Use The Trinity

Trinity Workflow

2. The Debugging Prompt Formula

A well-structured debugging prompt dramatically improves results. Use this formula:

The Formula

<problem>
[What's happening vs. what should happen]
</problem>

<error>
[Full error message and stack trace]
</error>

<context>
[When it happens, what triggers it, environment]
</context>

<attempted>
[What you've already tried]
</attempted>

<constraints>
[Any limitations on the solution]
</constraints>

Example: Real-World Bug Report

<problem>
Users report being logged out after 5-10 minutes of activity,
but session timeout is configured for 24 hours.
</problem>

<error>
No explicit error - JWT verification just fails silently.
Cookie is present but token is rejected.
</error>

<context>
- Next.js 14 App Router with next-auth
- PostgreSQL session store
- Load balanced across 3 servers
- Started after deploying v2.3.0 last week
</context>

<attempted>
- Verified JWT_SECRET is same across servers
- Checked cookie expiry (correct at 24h)
- Reviewed session table (sessions exist)
</attempted>

<constraints>
- Can't revert the deploy (contains critical security fix)
- Production issue, need quick resolution
- Must maintain session security
</constraints>

3. Tight Feedback Loops

Fast feedback is the secret to efficient debugging. The faster you can validate hypotheses, the faster you solve bugs.

The Feedback Loop Pyramid

Implementing Fast Feedback

Claude Code Hook for Instant Validation

Configure PostToolUse hooks to validate every change:

{
  "hooks": {
    "PostToolUse": [{
      "matcher": "Edit|Write",
      "hooks": [{
        "type": "command",
        "command": ".claude/hooks/validate.sh"
      }]
    }]
  }
}

validate.sh:

#!/bin/bash
FILE=$(echo "$TOOL_INPUT" | jq -r '.file_path // .file')

# TypeScript check
if [[ "$FILE" == *.ts || "$FILE" == *.tsx ]]; then
    npx tsc --noEmit "$FILE" 2>&1 | head -5
fi

# Run relevant tests
npm test -- --findRelatedTests "$FILE" 2>&1 | tail -10

4. Error Analysis Patterns

Pattern 1: Stack Trace Analysis

When you have a stack trace, use this approach:

Analyze this stack trace:

[paste full stack trace]

Tell me:
1. Where exactly the error originates (file, line, function)
2. What the immediate cause is
3. What the root cause might be (the real bug)
4. How to fix it

Pattern 2: The Binary Search

For bugs you can't pinpoint, use binary search:

The bug appeared sometime in the last 10 commits.
Use git bisect logic:

1. Find the middle commit
2. Check if bug exists there
3. Narrow down to the half that introduced it
4. Repeat until found

Pattern 3: The Rubber Duck Escalation

Start simple, escalate if needed:

Pattern 4: Provocation Debugging

The Claude team uses provocation patterns for better debugging:

The Proof Demand:

Prove to me this works — show me the diff in behavior 
between main and this branch.

The Challenge:

Grill me on this fix. What edge cases would break it?
What would a senior engineer flag?

The Reset:

Knowing everything you know now, scrap this approach
and implement the proper fix from scratch.

5. Common Bug Categories

Async/Await Bugs

Symptoms: Undefined values, race conditions, unhandled rejections

Prompt pattern:

I have an async bug. The symptom is [X].

Check for:
- Missing await keywords
- Race conditions between parallel operations
- Unhandled promise rejections
- Incorrect error propagation in async chains

State Management Bugs

Symptoms: UI not updating, stale data, unexpected values

Prompt pattern:

State bug in [React/Vue/etc].

The issue: [describe symptom]
The expected: [what should happen]

Check for:
- Direct state mutation instead of immutable updates
- Stale closures capturing old values
- Missing dependency array items in useEffect
- Incorrect state initialization

API Integration Bugs

Symptoms: Wrong data, failed requests, CORS errors

Prompt pattern:

API integration issue with [endpoint].

Error: [error message]
Request: [method, URL, headers, body]
Response: [status, body]

Check for:
- Request/response format mismatches
- Authentication header issues
- CORS configuration
- Rate limiting or timeout problems

6. The Rewind Safety Net

Made a change that broke things worse? Use /rewind.

How Rewind Works

/rewind

This reverts Claude's recent file changes, restoring the previous state.

The Recovery Ladder

When things go wrong, use the lightest recovery option that works:

The Checkpoint Pattern

Before risky changes, create a checkpoint:

# Create checkpoint
git stash push -u -m "checkpoint-before-auth-refactor"

# Try risky refactor
# If it fails: restore checkpoint
git stash pop

7. CI/CD Debugging

Failed CI/CD pipelines are common debugging targets. Here's how to investigate efficiently:

Quick Investigation Workflow

# List recent workflow runs
gh run list --limit 10

# View specific run details
gh run view <run-id>

# View logs for failed run
gh run view <run-id> --log-failed

# Download logs for detailed analysis
gh run download <run-id>

Combining with Claude Code

# Fetch failure logs and ask Claude to analyze
gh run view --log-failed | claude -p "
  Analyze these test failures.
  Identify the root cause.
  Propose fixes for each failing test.
  Output as actionable steps.
"

Common CI Debugging Commands

8. Debugging Checklist

Use this checklist for any non-trivial bug:

Before Debugging

• → Can you reproduce the bug consistently?
• → Do you have the full error message and stack trace?
• → Do you know when the bug started appearing?
• → Have you checked if this is a known issue?

During Debugging

• → Start with the simplest hypothesis
• → Use /plan mode for exploration
• → Write a failing test that demonstrates the bug
• → Don't make multiple changes at once
• → Verify each hypothesis before moving on

After Fixing

• → Does the failing test now pass?
• → Did you introduce any new issues?
• → Did you document the root cause?
• → Should this be added to CLAUDE.md to prevent recurrence?

9. Advanced: Debugging Prompts Library

Universal Debug Prompt

I need to debug this issue:

**Symptom**: [what's happening]
**Expected**: [what should happen]
**Error**: [error message if any]
**Reproduction**: [steps to reproduce]

Analyze systematically:
1. What are the possible causes?
2. How can we narrow down?
3. What's the most likely root cause?
4. What's the fix?

Performance Debug Prompt

Performance issue:
- Operation: [what's slow]
- Expected time: [target]
- Actual time: [current]
- Load: [concurrent users, data size]

Profile and identify bottlenecks:
1. Where is time being spent?
2. Are there N+1 queries?
3. Is there unnecessary computation?
4. What's the optimization?

Security Debug Prompt

Security concern in [file/feature]:

Audit for:
- Injection vulnerabilities (SQL, XSS, command)
- Authentication/authorization gaps
- Data exposure risks
- Input validation issues

Rate severity: Critical/High/Medium/Low
Provide remediation for each issue.

Summary

Effective debugging with Claude Code comes down to:

1. →Use The Trinity for complex bugs (Plan Mode + Extended Thinking + Structured Analysis)
2. →Provide complete context in your debugging prompts
3. →Build tight feedback loops for instant validation
4. →Know your recovery options (/rewind, checkpoints, git)
5. →Use provocation patterns to get deeper analysis

Continue to Module 3 for hands-on debugging exercises and real-world case studies.

This article is part of the Claude Code Ultimate Guide series. Continue your journey with Module 3: Debugging & Troubleshooting for practice exercises.